Scientometric indicators :

Scientometric indicators into three general categories; The evaluation indices of authors, the evaluation indices of scientific productions and the evaluation indices of universities are divided. In the following, the most famous ones are introduced and each one is explained separately.

H-Index:The h-index is an author-level metric that measures both the productivity and citation impact of the publications, initially used for an individual scientist or scholar. The h-index is defined as the maximum value of h such that the given author/journal has published at least h papers that have each been cited at least h times.The index is designed to improve upon simpler measures such as the total number of citations or publications. The index works best when comparing scholars working in the same field, since citation conventions differ widely among different fields.

G-Index:The g-index is an author-level metric suggested in 2006 by Leo Egghe. The index is calculated based on the distribution of citations received by a given researcher's publications, such that given a set of articles ranked in decreasing order of the number of citations that they received, the g-index is the unique largest number such that the top g articles received together at least g2 citations. Hence, a g-index of 10 indicates that the top 10 publications of an author have been cited at least 100 times (102), a g-index of 20 indicates that the top 20 publications of an author have been cited 400 times (202).It can be equivalently defined as the largest number n of highly cited articles for which the average number of citations is at least n. This is in fact a rewriting of the definition.

M-Index:M-index is another variant of the h-index that displays h-index per year since first publication. The h-index tends to increase with career length, and M-index can be used in situations where this is a shortcoming, such as comparing researchers within a field but with very different career lengths.m-index= h-index / scientific age

Hb-Index:The hb-index, a modified h-index designed to more fairly assess author achievement.The h-index is improved by calculating the hb-index which is the h-index plus a value An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is YRER_A_11653329_ILG0013.jpg with e defined as the excess citations (the citations in excess of the minimum total number (h2) that can define the h-index). The hb-index credits citations that otherwise have no weight, differentiates among authors who have the same h-index, and is especially useful for distinguishing among publication records of young researchers with modest h-indices but significant papers that are ‘ripening’ but not yet highly cited.<\br> <\br>where h is the Hirsch h-index and e is the sum of all citations minus h2. Therefore, e is the excess citations not credited by the h-index

impact factor (IF): The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a scientometric index calculated by Clarivate that reflects the yearly mean number of citations of articles published in the last two years in a given journal, as indexed by Clarivate's Web of Science. As a journal-level metric, it is frequently used as a proxy for the relative importance of a journal within its field; journals with higher impact factor values are given the status of being more important, or carry more prestige in their respective fields, than those with lower values. While frequently used by universities and funding bodies to decide on promotion and research proposals, it has come under attack for distorting good scientific practices.

Immediacy index: the number of citations the articles in a journal receive in a given year divided by the number of articles published.

Cited half-life: the median age of the articles that were cited in Journal Citation Reports each year. For example, if a journal's half-life in 2005 is 5, that means the citations from 2001 to 2005 are half of all the citations from that journal in 2005, and the other half of the citations precede 2001.

Journal citation indicator (JCI): a JIF that adjusts for scientific field; it is similar to Source Normalized Impact per Paper, calculated based on the Scopus database. JCI is available for all journals in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoS CC) -- including the AHCI, ESCI, BCI, CPCI -- while JIF is only available for the SCIE and SSCI; however, starting in June 2023, JIF will also be issued for all journals in the WoS CC.

Quartile Ranking: a rank based on the four quartiles within a given subject or topic category.

CiteScore: this is a metric for serial titles in Scopus launched in December 2016 by Elsevier.While these metrics apply only to journals, there are also author-level metrics, such as the h-index, that apply to individual researchers. In addition, article-level metrics measure impact at an article level instead of journal level.

SCImago Journal Rank (SJR): this indicator is a measure of the prestige of scholarly journals that accounts for both the number of citations received by a journal and the prestige of the journals where the citations come from.A journal's SJR indicator is a numeric value representing the average number of weighted citations received during a selected year per document published in that journal during the previous three years, as indexed by Scopus.

The Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), also known as the Shanghai Ranking, is one of the annual publications of world university rankings. The league table was originally compiled and issued by Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 2003, making it the first global university ranking with multifarious indicators. Since 2009, ARWU has been published and copyrighted annually by Shanghai Ranking Consultancy, an organization focusing on higher education that is not legally subordinated to any universities or government agencies. In 2011, a board of international advisory consisting of scholars and policy researchers was established to provide suggestions.The publication currently includes global league tables for institutions as a whole and for a selection of individual subjects, alongside independent regional Greater China Ranking and Macedonian HEIs Ranking. ARWU is regarded as one of the three most influential and widely observed university rankings, alongside QS World University Rankings and Times Higher Education World University Rankings. It has received positive feedback for its objectivity and methodology, but draws wide criticism as it fails to adjust for the size of the institution, and thus larger institutions tend to rank above smaller ones.